Spring and Autumn period of the development of merchant capital and its historical role

    Summary Spring and Autumn Period merchant capital accumulation is the main source of long-range trafficking, hoarding, but also industry-business. Its profit flow is divided into interest-bearing nature of flows and consumer flows. The development of merchant capital to promote the socio-economic structural change, and promoted the development of commodity economy and accelerated the aristocratic hierarchy lysis, but also to make literary benefits or reduce, abandoned this by the end of the deterioration of law and enlightenment.

     Key words Spring and Autumn the historical role of merchant capital
     As a pre-capitalist merchant capital, is a very vast area of the Yousui history. It "the capitalist mode of production than existed before, in fact it is even more ancient capital in the history of freedom of existence." ¡²1¡³ Broadly speaking, merchant capital, working capital not only refers to goods, but also business profits included. It is the movement in the circulation of goods movement with a simple formula for the formula is fundamentally different. It is not a commodity - money - commodity, but the money - commodity - money (currency proliferation). Here the independent form of exchange value - money is the starting point of merchant capital, exchange value, namely, the proliferation of access to commercial profit is the motive of its overall activities and decisions of purposes. This merchant capital in China's Shang and Zhou dynasties had their Duan Xu, till the Spring and Autumn Period there were long-term development, the first time in a long history rolled Hongbo Ju-lan, the aggressive impact on all spheres of society as to promote rapid social change one of the levers. This article far as the source of merchant capital during this period, flows and social impact of a brief exploration, in order to teach in the experts and scholars.
1
     Spring and Autumn Period to wealthy businessmen and merchants, as a typical embodiment of the merchant capital, through the intermediary role in the circulation, the accumulation of a large number of monetary wealth, "family responsibilities daughter," "cheap, to be kings," is not uncommon. These rich merchants through an intermediary so that the various production departments of commodity circulation is not only linked together into product development as a commodity, but also through to grab the balance of production, so that the development of capital money. Cheap buying expensive goods to sell, the laws of its business activities. This unequal exchange is the main source of merchant capital accumulation. Specifically, it is generally expressed as the following three kinds of profit-making mode.

     1. Eventually finding an exotic, long-range trafficking

     Businessman Tai Jia Zhou Ju and use, eventually finding exotic, remote sale of commercial activity, can be seen as far and wide side by side at the time engaged in the political environment "international" trade. The conditions for such trading activities have basically possessed at that time. First, the princes with their own countries to the political and economic interests, to war, apart from inter-business travel trade had to right itself, you bend the rules to implement the preferential policies of openness and fostering. Such as the Great Patriotic "works material and training in agriculture, trade benefits workers" ¡²2¡³. Jin "Light Guan Yi Road, a wide agricultural trade," ¡²3¡³ "Qi Huangong" Tong Qi's fish and salt in Donglai, so that instead of Zheng Guan City, a few thought leaders who benefit, "¡²4¡³, and of the Council at the Kwai Chung Chiu made "without forgetting Ben Tour" and "non-suppressed buy up" ¡²5¡³ of the Union speech, and vigorously remove trade barriers between the far and wide. Zheng also benefits merchants set a mutually beneficial vows, Chu to individual merchants to use part of tax-free privileges, Even in the late Warring States severely restrain commerce among the Qin, but also such "international" trade hold a positive attitude, and therefore do not produce YU Qin Qin Gong can be but for a large number of rare collections of Qin to play better. It is precisely because far and wide to encourage and development of "international" trade between only for a number of rich merchants to create the conditions for remote trafficking. Second, far more developed than the Western Zhou Dynasty's water and land transportation to the major economies will be far and wide as a single entity, forming a huge sales market give merchants were westbound weeks, north to Jin, south Chu, Qi Dong Sik has created a for-profit can be contaminated by the big stage. Third, all countries in the casting line of metallic money, especially from the late Spring and Autumn in the circulation of gold become a full-featured major currencies, as the rich merchants trading across borders provides a convenient remote. In this way, merchants who can not geographical as well as country-specific restrictions, "with responsibility for Tam Ho, clothes cattle chariot horses, to Thursday party; material number, terms of equal status, with its all, its not easy to buy cheap @ ¢Ù expensive "¡²6¡³, and reap commercial profits high.

     Backwardness of the ancient means of transport, resulting in long-range trafficking of goods is usually only body of light, such as gems price of an expensive luxury, and this kind have no place where Peter native products. Such as "Xun Zi kingship," said: "The North Sea, there are barking dogs cursory Yan, however, China must make the animals. The South China Sea, there feather quill, leather gear, Zeng Qing, Dan dry Yan, however, was the Finance of China. The East China Sea is purple q¨± @ ¢Ú fish, salt and Yan, however, was the food and clothing of China. Xihai there are leather, paper ¡ì Yan, however, China too will use it. "visible trade in goods distribution market, the Central Plains from all sides, types, is still quite rich. Spring and Autumn period documented the first one found in a remote trafficking business persons who are engaged in a string of high Zheng. Before 627 years, the chord height of the West City in the weeks, the Dow case of the passage of the Qin Shi Zheng, immediately "to give a bonus by Wei Xian Niu 12 Teacher" ¡²7¡³, said Zheng precaution, forcing Qin Hui Shi eliminate slip and also. Qin chord height give a bonus thing that is leather, cattle, and jade, and so on trafficking of commodities. Warring States Period, when large Jia Lu Pu-wei Yang Di, "between sellers salesman who cheapens expensive, family responsibilities daughter" ¡²8¡³, but also rely on long-distance trafficking has grown. Do this kind of trading business persons unknown persons as a minority. If Shou County in Anhui Province in 1957 found that two groups of garden section E Jun Qi is distributed to Chuhuai Wang aristocratic privilege of doing business E-Chun Kai pass. Festival provides: the number of a land transport vehicle shall not be more than 50, such as using animal or human transport, for every 10 animals or 20 back child when a car; water transport number of vessels shall not be more than 150, and shall not be carriage horses, cattle, sheep and a class of goods. In these provisions, by virtue section may be tax-free. Their business scope of activities involved in this Hubei, Hunan, Henan, Anhui, Guangxi and other provinces, the elders of the city had reached more than 20 ¡²9¡³. Chu is located, "JAC south, no Dongnei person, nor daughter's home" ¡²10¡³, commodity economy, far less well-developed central plains, as well as E-Chun Kai subject to certain restrictions on such a large-scale long-range trafficking, other countries can imagine the situation.
     Remote trafficking, although far away, many are dangerous, but business profits are high. , Said, "the custom of the Zhou Dynasty, government industry, power industry and commerce, one by one and even two that works," ¡²11¡³. This is two tenths of the capital profit (gross) rate for the Spring and Autumn Period in the general business profit margins, while the long-range trafficking of the general business profit margins than this should be much higher. "Mozi Kiyoshi" Cloud: "Businessmen of the Quartet, city Jia-fold resettlement, although the difficulty of the beam, thieves of the danger, will certainly say that." "Resettlement" and Xi Tong, is five-fold meaning. This shows that the long-range trafficking in a commercial profit of up to double to five times more profitable than to engage in other businesses. Hence, many wealthy businessmen and merchants, not far behind, Zhou flow Quartet, "to switch to 100 the number of hubs," "borrow credit OK Jia @ ¢Û gun" ¡²12¡³, using the difference between the purchase price in different parts of a salesman who cheapens expensive, the long-range trafficking as a mode of operation for enormous profits, one of the principal.

     2. Optimistic about the time-varying, hoarding

     In addition to long-range trafficking, the circulation of merchant capital in another major way to profit hoarding. This is due to "the affairs of Ji Huan, so things have pros and cons, Feng-year-old has lost, so public a lack of envy, when there are spring and autumn, so there are equal Valley, but on the down prostitution, so tour operators can Shibo its present also." ¡² 13¡³ hoarding, no need to travel long distances to run here, as long as there is sufficient working capital goods, but also an accurate grasp of the changes in the market Trade, you can take to make money and finally become wealthy. "Records of the Historian Huo Biography" contains: "sub-only school in Jiangxi Zhong Ni, retreat Shi-Yu Wei, spent the money in the Cao Lu vend between the 70 children of believers, thanks to the most Rao." And "ZENY disciples Tales "goes:" Good Zigong waste move, with the transferred goods cheap, ... ... often compared Luwei, family responsibilities daughter. " Variorum goes: "give that to stop storage of waste also. Husband while things are cheap to buy and stop storage, then one by one when the price of your conveyance, goods are also sold to take Libra. See Zi Gong's" Rao "approach is just to buy a salesman who cheapens expensive, hoarding Bale. fanli, "beyond the Tao, to this end among the world trading whether the road leads to, carry on living can become wealthy. So from that Taozhu Gong. Complex is about to be father and son farm animals, waste home, waiting when you switch to objects, by even one of the benefits. Home without any event, will deliver a cheap, tired, giant 10000. "¡²14¡³ baigui" optimistic time-varying, the enemy abandoned I prefer that people take on our side. As everyone so old hub, to the food. "¡²15¡³ they are used in such a profit-making tool. On the surface, about one-tenth of such trading is profitable, however. Than was generally even lower profit margins, but because of business more than for food items, domestic animals, Silk paint a class directly related to people's livelihood, production and life must be goods, and thus has a relatively large sales market, so long as well-managed, but also can get "their present Shen Bo," the high profits.

     Of course, engage in hoarding and speculative trading, insufficient amount of working capital not, but with the chance to win the psychological capital alone, there is no stock of the situation is not OK for-profit perspective. If the key is the use of remote traffic in different spatial price differences in order to profit. Zi Gong "and when you turn goods cheaply," Fan Li "on things when you turn." Cretaceous "optimistic time-varying", all attached importance to a "time" the word, which in fact has been somewhat explored the nature of economic laws.

     First, the "time" embodied in the production and exchange relations. Fan Li, who emphasized the word "time", the first refers to changes in the economic situation in agriculture. He said: "Lunar (referring to old Yin) at the age of three while Rang Kim, at the age of three while the water is destroyed, and three years old at mu, however, Kang, three years old at the fire while dry. It is scattered and sometimes the plot, and sometimes buy up collar, then all things must However, while the fat carry on the age of three. ... ... the world is a Rang six, six one-kang, where a 12-year-old hunger. "¡²16¡³ baigui Yiyun:" lunar in d, Rang; Ming-year-old bad evil. to the afternoon , dry; Ming-year-old United States, there is water. to d, the rate of accumulation-year-old times. "¡²17¡³ Suixing Chronology and the elements they use theory to explore the relationship between agriculture and the law of abundance apologized, of course, not to mention the number of science, but They noted that the abundance of agricultural production is constrained to apologize, "the plot of" the decisive factor, but it reflects the economy has been very smart mind. Only when the process of production and circulation of an integrated link in order to achieve the exchange of goods, "the plot with the rate of old times" objective.

     Second, the "time" as reflected in the market supply and demand. Fan Li believes that "On its more than enough, you know are equal." ¡²18¡³ with today's words, changes in the situation according to the production and timely observation of commercial market, one of the most important thing is to grasp the law of supply and demand in the market. Quotes in predicting changes in business, based on the accumulated storage material to those who need it the most profitable in the future pressing so-called "dry is owned boat, while the water is owned vehicle" is also. Mastered the laws of market supply and demand changes, had the courage to "people abandoning me to take" to reach "people take me with" for-profit purposes.

     Third, the "time" as embodied in the relationship between the price fluctuation. The fanli view, price fluctuations are also there is a pattern, "is very expensive on the anti-cheap, cheap is against your lower pole." So the operator must have, "expensive, such as dirt, cheap to take, such as gems," the courage and courage, "Service End objects" (the proper custody of the goods), "interest-free currency" (speed up cash flow), to grasp the trend of price fluctuations in time to seize the favorable opportunity of buying and selling, that is baigui's assertion that " If the trend when the beast Zhi bird development. " Meanwhile, it is not lust too high prices, that is, "no dare to home is precious", it is necessary to accelerate the turnover of commodities and capital to increase its profits, so that "financial coin to see his line like water," ¡²19¡³. This is called "good is not competing with Jia Jia trading (price) and the like, when the Secretary." ¡²20¡³

     From this, hoarding is not a simple business speculation, it needs to accurately grasp the production and circulation of the relationship with the others to predict changes in the market of the objective laws, master the delicate commodity marketing skills, in order to achieve "when shot by Lee" ¡²21¡³ purposes. So baigui once boasted, said: "I rule the production, still Yiyin, Ruchin of seeking, Sun Wu used its armed forces, Shang Yang's method is also OK." ¡²22¡³ these words there is a certain reason. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download http://www.hi138.com
  3. Yigong-business, production and marketing in-one

     Merchant capital is generally independent activities in the circulation, but there may be a gradual erosion of production itself, is also when the work providers are also the operators belong to this situation. In this way, merchant capital of the "cheap buy" links will be directly exploited workers in order to suppress the prices of commodity production and replaced by the process, and "Guimai" is in large-scale self-distribution process, through the exploitation of consumers to achieve. This situation was more outstanding performance in the productive sectors Salt and Iron. Salt and Iron products are popular because it can not be self-sufficient but must be exchanged through the market to get the production of daily necessities, so this costly, manpower need to use many, but the vast sales market has become a major handicraft merchant capital profits of an extremely important places for investment. For example, Lu Yi-Burton was originally the poor with disabilities, "farming is often hungry, mulberry is often cold, ... ... is suitable Nishikawa, large livestock cattle and sheep in the south of Yi's, the decade of its income is not dollars, cheap, to be Princes, well-known the world. "¡²23¡³ after he lake salt of the production and marketing investments and operations has become a sideline business persons who have large handicraft industry. Another example is "the rule of Handan Guozong iron into the industry, and the king Houle rich"; "Shu Zhuocheng of the first, Zhao also, smelting iron rich"; "Wan Hung's the first, beam were also used for iron smelting industry "¡²24¡³. The younger generation inherited from its mode of operation, these should also be the main industrial and mining enterprises are also working with the dual identity of-business. Such as the Sichuan Zhuocheng "To the temporary mound, big Hei, that is, cast Tieshan drums, logistics operators, JIA Dian-Shu-min," ¡²25¡³; "Cheng Zheng, Shandong has also moved to Krupp, Jia Zhuiji of China, rich Houle Zhuocheng , Ju Ju clinical Qiong "; Wan Hung's relocation in Nanyang," drum casting, regulatory Beichi, and even Che Ji, You princes, as Lee Tong of traders, "¡²26¡³. This shows that their products did not directly sold to other marketing companies to make itself out of circulation, but rather self-production and sales, its profits mainly through the distribution to obtain, or even sales market conditions also restrict the development of the production . Shu Shu Zhuocheng as when moving, do not want living in their land "narrow thin" and Jia-meng, is seeking to move far from clinical Qiong, mainly taking into account where "the migrant workers in the city, easy-Jia" ¡²27¡³, before making a far more migration choices. Such enterprises are generally relatively large scale of production, the servitude of the workers, the social dimension is also quite complex. According to "Salt and Iron retro" contains: "Mining Shek Kwu cast iron, cooking salt, a mob, or to more than a thousand people, probably the best retractable flow of people also, distant village, abandoning the grave, according to lean on you, gather the mountains among the poor-ze . " From Qi "poly-yung and cooking salt" ¡²28¡³ and Sichuan Zhuocheng "the rich to the thousands of children," ¡²29¡³ to analyze the situation, these "according to lean on us" and "releasing people" should be a wage-labor and slave Labor co-exist. See merchant capital to the production realm, to take production and marketing in-one mode of operation, reflecting the early stages of development of the immature nature of the commodity economy, and capitalist businessmen dominate early stages of the production situation is quite distinct from another.

     We look at the merchant capital of more than three for-profit way to illustrate how the rich merchants by buying a salesman who cheapens expensive exchange of unequal values to obtain higher profits. However, "the use of merchant capital in accordance with its functions, the up-front capital into commodity trading and commodity transportation and custody of the advance of capital, therefore, generated profits of merchant capital of two components: the difference between the price from the sale formed inherent in business profits and as a result of exploitation as a commodity shipping and storage functions of workers obtained profits "¡²30¡³. On the circulation of merchant capital, how to squeeze the workers for their servitude surplus labor situation, here, too little analysis. Spring and Autumn period, the rich merchants in goods transportation, storage and even in the process of exchange of workers are mainly employed in bondage, slaves, and waiters. Yunmeng Qin bamboo slips "treatment in prison program" involved in the "City-yung," is to take for the rich merchants hired bondage. Baigui "and the servants in power with joy," Diao idle slave prisoner charged "so that fishing by salt merchants and benefit from, ... ... finally obtaining the power of tens of millions from rich," ¡²31¡³, then the fortune is based on exploitation of slave labor The. As for the buddy system at that time appeared. Historical records, "Zhou Dynasty not only fiber, but the history teacher is even worse, transfer hub to 100 the number of Jia gun, nothing is to. Luoyang Street home in Qi, Qin, Chu, Zhao among the wealthy poor people learn something, compared to boast a long Jia, a few off-eup is not started, set up any of these, so the division can be caused by the history of 70 million. "¡²32¡³ of these studies do Luoyang Street wealthy home of the poor, Mr. Fan Wenlan that is the business persons who use the" buddy "¡²33¡³. These different types of workers to extract surplus labor, that is, merchant capital, another major source of profit.

     Merchant capital in these two areas from the source of profits of view, it represents a predatory system. This is from the time determined by the feudal mode of production, and it is corresponding. "As long as capital is underdeveloped business community play an intermediary role in the exchange of products, business profits not only for the occupation and fraud, and most of them from the encroachment and fraud arising." ¡²34¡³ Zi Gong "regular phase Luwei "¡²35¡³, Fan Li to leave Vietnam after the country who have homogeneous phase, Wei baigui also carried out phase, they have to have officer's identity is also engaged in hoarding and speculative trading, naturally, as Hubei Jun Kai did enjoy a variety of tax breaks privileges, more easily than other free traders to make money. Business persons who have missed some Guanjue dignitaries through the bribe in order to benefit from the Guanfu there purely monetary. Such as the deep red of the wealthy, "princes of the bribe can do it," ¡²36¡³, Diao busy they will not hesitate "Even Juji, delivery defensive phase," Wan Hung's is, "Even Juji, You princes, because merchants pass the benefits, there is leisure travel son bestowed with the name. ran its won when, the more in to the @ ¢Ü Sik, home of thousands of gold to get rich. "Suo Yin says:" that are provided to the princes Hung's son, already was bestowed with the name, but also kept the proceeds of The win over the capital, Gu Yun 'excessive', is better than the crushing of Jia Jian-Sik of it. " ¡²37¡³ of such collusion between officials and businessmen, or the practice of unity is undoubtedly a covert means of plunder. As for the merchandise trade in the process of fraudulent transactions, but also a reflection of the nature of merchant capital plunder. "Han Fei Zi, said forest" contains: "Song of the fu JIA have supervisors only child who, with people competing for 100 gold to buy the diamonds in the rough, due to feign been lost in the destruction of the negative of its 100 gold, while the reason of their destruction flaws, may 1000-Yi Yan . "monitor the use of selling diamonds in the rough only child who did not know the true value of this weakness, playing dirty tricks, buy rough diamonds must be processed to sell the business to earn profits of up to ten times. Another example is "Ubbelohde Luo livestock, and the minority, denounced the sale, seeking Qi Zeng objects, inter-Xian Yi Rong Wang. Rong Wang times their compensation, with livestock, and livestock to the amount of cattle with grain." ¡²38¡³ an "inter - "the word reflects Rong Wang and isolation from markets, I wonder if Zeng exchange value objects with the oxen and horses, Ubisch Luo cleverly take advantage of this and its trading results were ten times too high profits of its copies. From this, merchant capital, the source of profits attributable to its rational aspect, but also has its predatory side, but usually predatory for the mainstream.
Two
     Spring and Autumn Period merchant capital development, producing many high-profile upstart. "The country must have 10000 Wan Cheng Jin Jia, Qian Cheng daughter of Jia's country must have" ¡²39¡³. So merchants were earned huge commercial profits specifically how to use it? Or the flow of what? This issue is often overlooked in the past, as well as hamper our full understanding of merchant capital. Here, we are ready to return the flow of merchant capital into interest-bearing nature of the flow of questions and talk about two aspects of consumer flows.

     1, interest-bearing nature of the flow of

     (1) Expansion of business capital goods

     The fundamental purpose of merchant capital is constantly seeking more wealth, so it is only in the continuous cycle of movement in order to achieve its snowball-like proliferation. " 'Beats, money good Jia,' remark of an easy multi-funded work (power) is also." ¡²40¡³ this reason merchants who know how to, so they will never make the existing working capital to stop movement of goods profligate away, on the contrary, they will be appended to a portion of business profits, business capital goods to go to get more money wealth. Such as Fan Li, "Nineteen years into the three-induced daughter", not working capital to a halt the movement of goods, "the year after aging and listen to their descendants, children and grandchildren while they fail interest rate Suizhi giant 10000. ¡²41¡³ In particular, some low and profits micro - The sale, I am afraid that most of the profit to invest in commercial operation in went. and thus bring about such a situation: "Trafficking in fat, humiliation office also, while the daughter Yong Bo," "stomach Pro (sold Yang Du), Jane micro ear, Sichuan s not even ride, "¡²42¡³. visible only through a continuous additional commodities traders working capital in order to repeat the act for selling and buying will only accelerate the accumulation of monetary wealth.

     Here there is a need to discuss the availability of merchant capital flows to the Spring and Autumn period of the land issue. From available information, there is no direct evidence in this regard. But "to the situation is not money and abide by the use of this" is a common phenomenon in China's feudal society, this period can not say that will not happen. Fan Li, "floating sea out of Qi, variable name, ... ... farming the sea River, with unremitting efforts and hard body," ¡²43¡³, this is likely for the cultivation of the land is bought. Fan Li was done, and seemed to land the sale of the business, he said: "Yin and do year-old Ji sell domestic animals, goods and wealth, in order to benefit close grain, to meet the Yang matter to have. Yang and the best of the old, Ji Fa buy up, in order to close Tianzhai, cattle, goods and extortion money, gather the coffin, to be overcast all due also. Cijie who is also ten times. "¡²44¡³ This shows that there are merchant capital flows was the possibility of the land. Only because of the private ownership of land in the process of being formed, this situation is still relatively rare.

     (2) persons carrying on money lending

     Money lending is also an ancient form of capital. Engels said: "After using the money to buy goods, there have been borrowing money, with the emergence of money lending and usury interest." ¡²45¡³ pre-Qin period of borrowing resulting from the Western Zhou to the Spring and Autumn will be popular open to form a food loan and currency loans in two forms. The currency loans can also be divided into two categories: "First, Chang-li borrowing, one loan-sharking. The so-called" sub-loan money, 1000 Guan (millions) ", the annual interest rate," even two ", the year it is" 1000 the king 200,000 "¡²46¡³ of the same income, belongs to the general business and operating profit margin the same as regular loans. more," even two "of the profit from the currency lending is usury." severity of the small tubes, "said Qi currency loan interest rates in the north is 20%, 50% in the South, the former is often facilitate borrowing, the latter is a loan-sharking. loansharking's main target is the small producers: "Where the farmers who on more than those who lack years of age, while the emergency without the storm, then times the loan to China to carry on, on the levy, "¡²47¡³." fold loans "means the interest rate was 100%, which is a real usury. Cao Bing's" buy on credit credit line Jia @ ¢Û County country "is a figure both in business lending money again. von hu¨¡n @ ¢Ý in Xueyi when MENG Changjun met after the burning of bonds, said:" there is a meager sum of Jinjun Xue, not pat love of their subjects, which Jia's. "¡²48¡³ Feng hu¨¡n @ ¢Ý to when MENG Changjun met the same as money lenders and businessmen as a profit seeking behavior, evident when rich merchants, carrying on money lending is a common thing. Merchant capital to the usurer's capital transformation is to achieve its own flow of important proliferation 1. reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download http://www.hi138.com
  2, the flow of consumer

     Wealth owned by rich merchants are enormous, and its high levels of consumption are also striking. On their household consumption expenditure is concerned, can be divided into the following three categories.

     The first type is necessary for living expenses, including clothing, food, housing, use, transportation and many other consumer spending. Wealthy merchants who unsuccessfully before, life is not very abundant. Fan Li made his eldest son as "less and I Ju, see bitter, living hard, so heavy disposable wealthy." ¡²49¡³ baigui also "can be thin diet, forbearance appetite, festival clothes," ¡²50¡³, tight living expenses. However, with the continued accumulation of wealth and expansion of their merchants and the luxury life is increasingly pay attention to them. Fan Li said that his youngest son, "born to see me rich, good-by Jiaotu policy by Caine, turned out as never financial, it abandoned the light, non-the grudge." ¡²51¡³ merchants who at this time, "Jin his car, Wen wrong their clothes, "¡²52¡³," well fed, the desire of a better one pleases, "¡²53¡³, life is extremely impressive. Such luxuries, life and the formation of the working people of the great social contrasts of poverty: "The rich were Wenjin, pleasures I meat millet, while the poor sh¨´ @ ¢Þ Brown could not finish, h¨¢n @ ¢ß beans from drinking water." ¡²54¡³ though wealthy Great Jia riches life after extreme luxury, consumer spending increased, but the proportion of the consumption structure has not increased, but increasingly small, which need to use people's lives and labor accounted for most of the consumption structure is vastly different.

     The second type is the family operating expenses. It includes a wide range of mainly domestic labor, pension child-care, culture and entertainment, and many other consumer spending. From the "Book of Lord Shang Ken order" "to the mouth of the number of operators so that operators, so that's there, and Yu, Christians, weight (child) when choosing the name" the record of view, their housework is probably there is a certain division of labor slaves They buckle down to action of the. These slaves cost of living and labor costs, that is to become part of the operating costs of the family. Old-age child-care to protect the safety of the lives of family members to cultivate their children's life skills, but also part of such expenditure. Fan Li's two sons were killed in the state of Chu, was in prison, he managed to rescue the daughter of fortune, their eldest son begrudge money does not work, but still spent hundreds of gold possessions. As merchants have a variety of cultural and leisure activities to meet the physiological and psychological needs, they are spending in this area is even more impressive. "Daughter of the family have more than one reign, and Ju Wan together stand with the king fun." ¡²55¡³ This can not be a small number of expenses. "Pro @ ¢à very rich and expensive, its people are all blowing Yu play the zither, attacking building piano, cock walk dogs, 6 Bo Taju who" ¡²56¡³. Rich merchants involved in "blowing Yu play the zither, attacking the piano built," is still just entertainment, but "cock walk dogs, 6 Bo Taju" is among the entertainment of gambling has greatly increased its high-rolling element. Some merchants carrying prostitute Xia Ji, excitement seeking and living a considerable erosion. From time to time, "Cheng Ji, Zhao F, let describe, xi¨¥ @ ¢á Ming Kum, gingerly Lee slipper, mesh heart strokes pick out far behind, do not choose young and old who is also Ben Fu Hou." ¡²57¡³ of this Fuhou home must have a lot of rich merchants, including as female Zheng Zhao Ji sell hue chase targets. Lu Pu-wei "take Handan Zhu Ji stunning good dancer with the Home," ¡²58¡³, was called "Beauty of the Jia (price) expensive, ... ... to buy the 3000 gold" ¡²59¡³, he does not spend a great price is not ZHAO Ji would account for the already existed. Put the above together, these expenditures, that is, a large sum of household operating expenses.

     The third category is related to maintaining the social status of the family expenses. No matter what kind of rich merchants in a social form below, are inevitably subject to the country's political and social relations constraints. In order to consolidate and increase their family economic status and socio-political status, they will have to spend money to deal with all aspects of interests. Zheng traders can be government's preferential treatment and achieve the social status of our allies, not financial resources to support the country will not do. Such as the chord height give a bonus Qin, can escape to the duke of the ceremony so that Qin Shi convinced that this should be a huge financial expenditures. "Chu's method, businessmen who want to seen-jun, there must be great and then be able to see Hsien-heavy" ¡²60¡³. Ji Yue, "state laws" must be a long time, it shows with the king's merchants also have economic ties between. Zi Gong "knot with riding horses, Shubo enjoy the nobility of the coins in order to recruit, actions, regardless of the Court with anti-monarch without ceremony," he himself had not said the scenery, but also to "Confucius were Bhuyan in the world" ¡²61¡³ . Fan Li Ju Qi, once "do bulk of their wealth, to the minute with the Zhi You Hsiang-tang" ¡²62¡³, after living Tao, "then scattered and poor cross-sparse Kundi" ¡²63¡³, they also indicated that he would not be wasted, and Second, the child was killed, "funeral to go home", "Yi Ren do sorrow" ¡²64¡³, and feel of solidarity Qing Wei. Shows rich merchants to maintain and improve their social status, is also a need for a large consumer spending.

     As the structure of three types of household consumption expenditure, the first category is basic, to a certain extent, will be stabilized in the flow of merchant capital profit share of consumption in general smaller and smaller. The second and third categories of expenditure were huge disparities between different families, but also great change. But both together is usually accounted for most of the structure of household consumption. However, regardless of rich merchants as to what kind of expenditure as the main consumption patterns, but they all show a waste of luxury features, and the prevailing socio-economic development level is a lack of coordination.
Three
     We look at the merchant in front of the sources and flows of capital, focusing on its own explain the movement of merchant capital. But the merchant capital as a new economic forces operating in society, what the impact on society? What is the historical role? On this basis, also need to be analyzed.

     From the merchant capital campaign purposes, it is not for the purchase or producer services, but the proliferation of the currency in order to chase profits. It is through the exchange of unequal values for the excess business profits, in essence, represent a predatory regime. But objectively speaking, the social development of merchant capital played an active role is undeniable. This is mainly manifested in the Spring and Autumn Period in the following aspects.

     Firstly, to promote the socio-economic structure changes. Starting from the Spring and Autumn period, due to the progress of social productive forces and countries have conducted field system and tax reforms, as a share of land in rural commune system of well-field system tends to collapse, gradually changed the previous "three-one-for-easy home soil," the public nature of the start transformation of land ownership to small farmers. In this transformation process, the individual small-scale farmers in order to pay the heavy taxes the country, and buy their own production and life must be goods, often weave their farming products to market more land, and inevitably subjected to exploitation by merchants. In particular, a case of floods, droughts and famine, life is difficult peace is next, "also known as credit and benefit the" ¡²65¡³, or "times of the loan in order to give the sign" ¡²66¡³, bear usury materialistic exploitation. In this way, individual farmers growing divide between rich and poor, land transactions will still occur along the feudal private ownership of land was finally set down the last. Therefore, "within the commune, the original division of labor was spontaneous exchange of exclusion was more the situation of the commune property of all members on the increasingly unequal, the old public ownership of land had been buried deeper, the commune also increasingly rapid disintegration of small-scale farmers village. "¡²67¡³ prevailing social and economic structure of the major changes have taken place in this, merchant capital, education has played the role of a reminder of social progress is undoubtedly one of the levers.

     Second, in promoting the development of commodity economy. Merchant capital in the circulation of the wide range of activities and expand the commodity markets, the exchange value of production toward the direction of development, so that only has the use value of the product development into a commodity exchange value, which is stagnant occlusive nature economies, it is tantamount to injecting new vitality. It not only craft to the full development of natural resources, further expansion of commodity production in order to meet the various needs of the community, but also the degree of commercialization of agriculture has increased, enhanced the self-adjustment capacity of small-peasant economy. Yes, the "living water, fish, Chin-Pei; Mountain Chapter 1000 of the timber; anyi Trees date; Yan, Qin Su Trees; Shu, Han, Jiangling Trees orange; Huaibei, Changshan has been South Kawasumi Trees between the Di; Chen, Xia acres of paint, Qilu acres Sang Ma, Wei-Chuan acres of bamboo; and name the country the city of 10000, with the Tian Zhong Guo acres of acres, if the acres @ ¢â Qian, 1000 Kwai @ ¢Ù ¢Ù @ ¢Ù ¢Ú This and other of their beings with the 1000 Hou. "¡²68¡³ of such a large-scale specialized agricultural production, is the product of economic prosperity, outstanding performance. The development of commodity economy is always beneficial to increase social wealth and improve people's living conditions.

     Third, accelerating the aristocratic hierarchy of the lysis. Businessman Tai Jia with its strong financial and social upper broad make friends, and constantly seek political support, thereby enhancing their own status in society. They are "no rank of Feng Lu, Jue color of the entry, but more than happy with the Feng Jun" did not meet this kind of "closure elements" ¡²69¡³ status, but also do everything possible to rank among the political arena. "Official position can be re-seek, Tseuk Luk you can get loans," ¡²70¡³, money has become a weapon to open the door aristocracy. Lu Pu-wei such as business persons who have spared no expense to make a political deal, but also climbed to the throne of Qin Qing Xiang. And many aristocrats, bureaucrats are also directly involved in business activities, diligently, after all, so that the community can no longer continue to despise merchants of bad. "Weiguo Gou in trouble, industrial and commercial Wei Chang is not infested, so that both lines could then" ¡²71¡³, industrial and commercial relations have become the country's political forces to rely on the overall situation. The past, "the founding emperor, princes Tateie, Ce Shi Qing home, the doctor there are II-VI cases of children with disabilities have scribe, common people have their own sub-pro-business, there are so bad," ¡²72¡³, segment of society now are "country rock ( pillar) to the people "¡²73¡³, aristocratic hierarchy of the embankment @ ¢Ù ¢Û been washed away. This re-integration of socio-political structure, there is progress in its historical significance.

     Of course, we can see the positive role of the merchant capital of its negative effects can not be ignored. The accumulation of merchant capital, with its enormous enticement, resulting in "the world-hee-hee are all run profits, the world Rangrang are all run benefit to the" ¡²74¡³, everywhere, the smoke enveloped the fame and fortune. Even the so-called "no property from which there is perseverance," the literary scholar whose values can not avoid so shaken. Lu Bing Cao's people "to iron smelting, the rich to the giant million, Lu Zou ... ... So they go to their literature, while the benefits or reduce" ¡²75¡³. Results "of its flow-induced in the Shishu people, did not dare walk away from this system, a citizen of Jiase little more than business travel of people, Google is more than insufficient goods," ¡²76¡³, which seriously weakened the feudal peasant economy based . "Daughter's son, did not die city." Dignity of the law under challenge.The temptation of money, "Li Shi Wen Nongfa dance, engraved chapter pseudo-book, does not avoid the knife saw who did not left in the bribery also" ¡²77¡³, So that the state machinery of severe dysfunction, the rule of law and enlightenment even worse. "Its a small Lvxiang years, vertebral buried swift attack, rob man for adultery, and dig mass graves Mint, Ren Xia, and Chief, through cross-revenge ÄĄ by seclusion, not to avoid Fa Jin, walking death, such as duck who, in fact, to use fiscal Jie Wei is also. "¡²78¡³ Etiquette system on the binding force of society has been greatly weakened. Since the development of merchant capital generated by this series of social contradictions, the feudal rulers unable to be resolved, they had to "sleep at the end to make the profit ability" ¡²79¡³ Harsh suppression business policies to ensure social stability and the rule of the solid. This makes the capital a beginning Chinese businessmen faced with the tragic fate, it does not and can not produce the entire socio-economic development a huge boost. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download http://www.hi138.com
  Note:
¡²1¡³ "Man Collection" at25No.363Page.
¡²2¡³ "Zuo Zhuan" Min the public two years.
¡²3¡³ "Jin Mandarin language 4."
¡²4¡³ "Qi Mandarin language"
¡²5¡³ "Mencius Gaozi next."
¡²6¡²¡³73¡³ "Small tube Kuang."
¡²7¡³ "Zuo Zhuan" Xi Public thirty-three years.
¡²8¡²¡³58¡³ "Historical Records Biographies Lu Pu-wei."
¡²9¡³ Tan Qixiang "E Jun Qi's Day address to the inscriptions" "Chinese Cultural and Historical Essays," Second Series.
¡²10¡²¡³12¡²¡³15¡²¡³17¡²¡³18 ¡²¡³19 ¡²¡³22¡²¡³24¡²¡³25¡²¡³27¡²¡³29¡²¡³31¡²¡³32¡²¡³37¡²¡³38 ¡²¡³41 ¡²¡³42¡²¡³46¡²¡³50¡²¡³53¡²¡³55¡²¡³57¡²¡³61¡²¡³63¡²¡³68 ¡²¡³69 ¡²¡³74¡²¡³75¡²¡³77¡²¡³78¡³ "Historical Records Huo Biography."
¡²11¡³ "Shi Ji Su Qin Biography."
¡²13¡³ "Chen seven main pipe 7."
¡²14¡²¡³43¡²¡³49¡²¡³51¡²¡³62¡²¡³64¡³ "Shi Ji Yue Gou family."
¡²16¡²¡³44¡³ "The more the book must count Ni Canon of the fifth."
¡²20¡³ "Warring Zhao 3."
¡²21¡³ "Historical Records stabilization book" Variorum.
¡²23¡³ "Kong Cong Zi Chen Yi."
¡²25¡²¡³54¡²¡³76 ¡³ "Han Food and Money."
¡²28¡²¡³39¡³ "The severity of a pipe."
¡²30¡³ Buck, "a feudal serfdom, the Russian businessmen on the study of capital works", see "HistoryÒë´Ô"1954No.3Period.
¡²33 ¡³ "China Compendium of History," Part I, section179Page.
¡²34¡³ "Man Collection" at25No.369Page.
¡²35¡³ "Shi Ji Zhong Ni disciples Biography."
¡²36¡²¡³52¡³ "Jin Mandarin language 8."
¡²40¡³ "Han Feizi five worm-eaten."
¡²45¡³ "Selected Works of Man" Volume IV,163Page.
¡²47¡²¡³66¡³ "Pipe running the country."
¡²48¡²¡³56¡³ "Qi 4 Warring States."
¡²59¡³ "Warring States Korea 3."
¡²60¡³ "Hanshiwaizhuan's Disconnection" Juan Ba.
¡²65¡³ "Mencius Tengwen Gong on."
¡²67¡³ "Man Collection" at23No.201--202Page.
¡²70¡³ "Han Feizi death syndrome."
¡²71¡³ "Zuo Zhuan" set the public for eight years.
¡²72¡³ "Zuo Zhuan" Duke Huan eight years.
¡²79¡³ "Traitor Murderer of Han Fei Zi-chen."

     Note:
Character does not save the word Notes:
Ao @ ¢Ù original characters plus septum to the left of
@ ¢Ú of the original word for the red to work to increase
@ ¢Û of the original word for the times of the traditional characters.
@ ¢Ü of the original word as the fiber of the traditional characters.
@ ¢Ý of the original word for the Magaziner Stork to birds
@ ¢Þ Yi the right plus the original word for beans.
@ ¢ß word of mouth increases with the original
@ ¢à of the original word for the next hua plus steroid.
@ ¢á the banks of the original word for the Rolling right.
@ ¢â of the original character of the upper part of the post-gabba
@ ¢Ù ¢Ù the traditional characters of the original word for ginger.
@ ¢Ù ¢Ú hua of the original word for the next Canadian leek.
@ ¢Ù ¢Û of the traditional characters of the original word for the dam. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download http://www.hi138.com